Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Interrogation of glioma immune microenvironment identifies a non-canonical role for microglial Galectin-9 in tumor cell adhesion and phagocytosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1733688

Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-9 and Tim-3 expression assessed by cytometry across glioma subtypes. (A, B) Color-coded scatter bar plots represent the relative proportions of Galectin-9 + in A, Tim-3 + in B cells of indicated myeloid and lymphoid cell types across IDH classified primary and recurrent gliomas: NGB ( n = 3), IMP ( n = 14), IMR ( n = 9), IWP ( n = 13), IWR ( n = 12). Statistical differences were determined using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons at indicated p values, between NGB versus glioma subtypes, IMP versus IMR, IWP versus IWR, and IMP versus IWP. n.s. = statistically not significant. See also .

Article Snippet: These analyses identify putative myeloid Galectin-9 partners beyond widely studied T cell–associated Tim-3 trans-interactions.

Techniques: Expressing, Cytometry

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Interrogation of glioma immune microenvironment identifies a non-canonical role for microglial Galectin-9 in tumor cell adhesion and phagocytosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1733688

Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-9 expression in tumor and associated leukocytes in glioma. (A) Western blot showing expression of Galectin-9 in flow-sorted CD45 - (tumor), associated leukocytes (CD45 + ), GSC-23, and GSC-28. (B) Representative microscopic image of multiplex IHC stained FFPE tissue sections of primary IDH-mut (top) and IDH-wt (bottom) glioma patients ( n = 5/group). Unmixed images showing expression of Galectin-9 (green), Iba-1 (red), and DAPI (4”,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and composite image showing co-expression of Galectin-9 + Iba-1 + MG (crimson, highlighted by arrows) at 40× magnification. Scale bars = 50 μm. (C) Representative microscopic image of multiplex IHC stained FFPE tissue sections of primary IDH-mut (top) and IDH-wt (bottom) glioma patients ( n = 5 per group). Unmixed and composite images showing expression of Galectin-9 (green), Nestin (red), and DAPI (4”,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) at 40X magnification. Nestin expressing glioma cells do not express Galectin-9 as shown by red and green arrows. Scale bars = 50 μm.

Article Snippet: These analyses identify putative myeloid Galectin-9 partners beyond widely studied T cell–associated Tim-3 trans-interactions.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Multiplex Assay, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Interrogation of glioma immune microenvironment identifies a non-canonical role for microglial Galectin-9 in tumor cell adhesion and phagocytosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1733688

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene enrichment analysis of Galectin-9 + and Galectin-9 - subpopulations of GAMs. (A) UMAP visualization of MG (left), MAC/MDM = MACs (right) based on differential expression of Galectin-9 gene in IDH-wt glioma patients ( n = 8). Cells are color coded for Galectin-9 expression. (B) Enhanced volcano plot of the variable genes in ( n = 9,372) (top) and Galectin-9 + MACs (bottom) compared to Galectin-9 - counterparts. Gray dots represent genes qualifying average log2FC cutoff of 0.5 and adjusted p -value cutoff of 0.05. The top significant genes for Galectin-9 + GAMs indicated in red. (C) Bubble plot representing the union set of phagocytic markers differentially enriched in Galectin-9 + and Galectin-9 - subpopulations of MG and MACs as indicated. The genes are annotated for their molecular function. The scaled gene expression is shown by the color-bar and the percentage expression by cells is represented by dot size.

Article Snippet: These analyses identify putative myeloid Galectin-9 partners beyond widely studied T cell–associated Tim-3 trans-interactions.

Techniques: Quantitative Proteomics, Expressing, Gene Expression

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Interrogation of glioma immune microenvironment identifies a non-canonical role for microglial Galectin-9 in tumor cell adhesion and phagocytosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1733688

Figure Lengend Snippet: Glioma cell adhesion was reduced upon Galectin-9 downregulation. (A) Representative microscopic immunofluorescence image showing staining of Galectin-9 (green), Iba-1 (red) and DAPI and their composite expression in merged image of untreated pMG controls (top), Galectin-9 siRNA treated pMG (middle) and siRNA controls (bottom). Scale bars = 90 μm. (B) Diagram showing Ibidi experimental design for pMG/GSC8-11ZsG co-culture assays for adhesion and phagocytosis. (C) Representative microscopic immunofluorescence image showing phase contrast visualization of adhered pMG and GSC8-11ZsG (green) calculated as adhesion ratio when cocultured with untreated pMG controls (top), Galectin-9 siRNA–treated pMG (middle), and siRNA controls (bottom) with GSC8-11ZsG at 2h post-incubation. Scale bars = 40 μm. (D) Scatter dot plots showing corresponding proportions as mean ± SD of % GSC8-11ZsG adhered to indicated pMG from three different fetal donors (pMG-2103, pMG-707, and pMG-1805). Error bars indicate the SD of mean. Statistical differences were determined using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons between siRNA treated versus control groups at * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. See also and .

Article Snippet: These analyses identify putative myeloid Galectin-9 partners beyond widely studied T cell–associated Tim-3 trans-interactions.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Co-Culture Assay, Incubation, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Interrogation of glioma immune microenvironment identifies a non-canonical role for microglial Galectin-9 in tumor cell adhesion and phagocytosis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1733688

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impaired phagocytic uptake of glioma cell by pMG upon Galectin-9 downregulation. (A) Representative microscopic immunofluorescence image showing phase contrast visualization of pMG, GSC8-11ZsG (green) and pMG/GSC8-11ZsG (merged) exhibiting phagocytosis when cocultured with untreated pMG controls (top), Galectin-9 siRNA–treated pMG (middle) and siRNA controls (bottom) with GSC8-11ZsG at 2h post-incubation. Scale bars = 60 μm. White boxes shows magnified image that depicts amount of GSC8-11ZsG by pMG. (B) Scatter dot plots showing mean proportions ± SD of pMG (pMG-2103, pMG-707, and pMG-1805) that phagocytosed GSC8-11ZsG (phagocytosis ratio) in untreated control, treated Galectin-9 siRNA, and siRNA control experimental conditions when co-cultured with GSC8-11ZsG. Error bars indicate the SD of mean. Statistical differences were determined using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons between siRNA-treated versus control groups at ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001. (C) , Scatter dot plots showing mean proportions ± SD of pMG (pMG-2103, pMG-707, and pMG-1805) that phagocytosed GSC8-11ZsG (phagocytosis ratio) in untreated control, treated Galectin-9 neutralization Ab (MAb-13), and IgG control experimental conditions when co-cultured with GSC8-11ZsG. Error bars indicate the SD of mean. Statistical differences were determined using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test for multiple comparisons between siRNA-treated versus control groups at *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. See also .

Article Snippet: These analyses identify putative myeloid Galectin-9 partners beyond widely studied T cell–associated Tim-3 trans-interactions.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Incubation, Control, Cell Culture, Neutralization

Journal: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Article Title: Unveiling a catalytically promiscuous feruloyl esterase from Clostridium acetobutylicum

doi: 10.1007/s00253-026-13756-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structural comparison of representative feruloyl esterases (FAEs) from clusters 1 to 5. The three-dimensional structures illustrate the architectural diversity of the lid domains (highlighted in pink) relative to the conserved core α/β-hydrolase fold. The nucleophilic elbow, containing the catalytic serine, is depicted by the sequence logo below each structure, showing the conservation of the pentapeptide motif (G-X-S-X-G). A Cluster 1 representative (GenBank accession: THW67961 ). B Cluster 2 representative, FAE-XynZ (PDB: 1JJF). C Cluster 3 representative, Fo FaeC (PDB: 6FAT). D Cluster 4 representative (GenBank accession: RHN64625 ). E Cluster 5 representative, Ca FaeA

Article Snippet: The cluster 4 enzyme, a putative feruloyl esterase from Medicago truncatula (GenBank accession: RHN64625 ), is structurally similar to the representative cluster 5 enzyme, Ca FaeA, with an RMSD of 1.726 Å.

Techniques: Comparison, Sequencing

Journal: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Article Title: Unveiling a catalytically promiscuous feruloyl esterase from Clostridium acetobutylicum

doi: 10.1007/s00253-026-13756-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structural comparison of the lid domain (light pink) among feruloyl esterase. The structural region (residue 147–152) of Ca FaeA is marked in orange

Article Snippet: The cluster 4 enzyme, a putative feruloyl esterase from Medicago truncatula (GenBank accession: RHN64625 ), is structurally similar to the representative cluster 5 enzyme, Ca FaeA, with an RMSD of 1.726 Å.

Techniques: Comparison, Residue